Public Funding for Progressive Energy Limited

The project involves advancing innovative CO2 capture technology on a steel works and CO2 storage in association with CO2-EOR in an offshore oil field and linking them to form a viable full chain CCS demonstration Project. The objectives are to reduce CCS costs by • developing further and commercialising a low cost CO2 capture option, which was shown to be feasible in a previous TSB study, to decarbonise carbon intensive works arising gases from steel works. • developing a process configuration for clean power generation from works arising gases which has the flexibility to remain viable if the steel works is non-operational or closes, overcoming the challenging counterparty risk associated with financing industrial capture. • establish an oil field storage option funded by the production of otherwise unrecoverable oil (CO2-EOR) and • integrate these innovations into a viable, full chain, ‘exemplar’ CCS demonstration Project

The South Wales Industrial Cluster (SWIC) is a diverse mix of critical industry from the Pembrokeshire coastline to the Welsh/English border. They have converged with common objectives for decarbonisation and clean growth. Some of the sectors represented include: §Steel making§Oil Refining§Power§Nickel manufacturing§Insulation manufacturing§Chemical§LNG import§The Royal Mint§Whole host of general manufacturing SWIC Deployment will create pathways and opportunities to promote Wales as a leading global player in decarbonised industrial and economic growth. SWIC's goal is Net Zero Carbon (NZC) by 2040\. Regional CO2 emissions are 16 million tonnes annually (5% of UK total), comprising 10 million tonnes direct from industry and 6 million tonnes from power generation. Achieving NZC will provide a significant contribution to the UK's goal of becoming net zero by 2050\. NZC must be realised in the broader context of "People, Planet and Profit". This will be achieved through sustainable clean growth, within a globally-competitive market, maintaining a growing and diverse industrial sector region, which will potentially protect 103,000+ existing jobs. There is potential to grow this number through export of skills and services globally, from a centre of green excellence. SWIC will devise options to support regional hydrogen deployment and to develop Carbon Capture Usage and Storage (as an interim measure). It will nurture symbiosis between industry, cities/towns, transport, and agriculture. It will appraise solutions and select those that have the greatest impact to economic CO2 emission reduction. Deployment will define Partner project scopes to support investment decisions that will advance projects towards construction. The pooled expertise of the deployment Partners and broader SWIC membership will ensure arrival at the best solutions for deriving significant carbon reduction. SWIC, through ongoing engagement, is actively supported by Welsh Government. There is also support for SWIC by local authorities, which aim to ensure that they can provide the necessary jobs to protect the future of their communities. SWIC is actively working with other UK cluster regions to optimise decarbonisation outcomes. SWIC Deployment will provide the UK with lower carbon steel and reduced carbon cement products that form the backbone of the wider UK Infrastructure Industry. Costain is leading the project, supported by a wide breadth of key Partners. Phase2 represents an opportunity to integrate efforts, reinforce a direction and to further scope/define the action required to achieve the SWIC vision.

HyNet is one of the most advanced, low risk and cost-effective full chain hydrogen and CCUS industrial decarbonisation projects in the UK, which can transform the North West of the UK into the world's first low carbon industrial cluster by 2030\. The UK has passed legislation to deliver Net Zero emissions by 2050\. Significant progress has been made in the decarbonisation of power. However, less progress has been made in the decarbonisation of the 'hard to reach' sectors of the economy including industry, heat and heavy transport. The North West is one of the largest and most energy intensive industrial clusters in the UK, encompassing parts of North East Wales, Cheshire, Warrington, Liverpool City Region and Greater Manchester. It is home to 4 million people and generates annual industrial emissions of 6 million tonnes of CO2\. HyNet was conceived in 2016 with the objective of decarbonising the entire industrial cluster to Net Zero, directly aligning with the Industrial Clusters Mission. While industrial decarbonisation is the anchor, the project builds the infrastructure backbone for a full regional hydrogen economy. HyNet is centred in the industrial complex between Ellesmere Port and Runcorn. Bulk low carbon hydrogen production facilities will be constructed at Stanlow Refinery, providing hydrogen for industrial fuel switching, blending into the local gas network, transport and flexible power generation. A dedicated network will transport hydrogen from production to demand points and hydrogen storage assets in the Cheshire salt fields to enable supply and demand balancing. The HyNet CCUS network will provide the infrastructure to transport and store the CO2 produced as a by-product of the hydrogen production process and specific industrial sources that cannot be mitigated by fuel switching. A number of the UK's largest industrial emitters, including Stanlow Refinery, Ince Fertiliser plant and Padeswood Cement plant located in this cluster, will connect to the CCUS network. HyNet is innovative and unique in that it: * Delivers a full-chain hydrogen project, including production, distribution and storage, to decarbonise industry and to provide an infrastructure for cross-sectoral decarbonisation; * Repurposes existing oil and gas assets in Liverpool Bay for CO2 transport and storage to minimise project cost and risk. Following extensive development to date, the activities to be undertaken in this next stage will allow HyNet to enter a development programme of engineering and consenting activities which will deliver a project ready for the final investment decision.

HyNet is one of the most advanced, low risk and cost-effective full chain hydrogen and CCUS industrial decarbonisation projects in the UK, which can transform the North West of the UK into the world's first low carbon industrial cluster by 2030\. The UK has passed legislation to deliver Net Zero emissions by 2050\. Significant progress has been made in the decarbonisation of power. However, little progress has been made in the decarbonisation of the 'hard to reach' sectors of the economy including industry, heat and heavy transport. The North West is one of the largest and most energy intensive industrial clusters in the UK, encompassing parts of North East Wales, Cheshire, Warrington, Liverpool City Region and Greater Manchester. It is home to 4 million people and generates annual industrial emissions of 6 million tonnes of CO2\. HyNet was conceived in 2016 with the objective of decarbonising the entire industrial cluster to Net Zero, directly aligning with the Industrial Clusters Mission. While industrial decarbonisation is the anchor, the project builds the infrastructure backbone for a full regional hydrogen economy, and leverages the opportunity to repurpose for future CCUS service the existing oil and gas facilities at Point of Ayr and offshore in Liverpool Bay. CO2 storage is provided in depleted and well known gas fields. HyNet is centred in the industrial complex between Ellesmere Port and Runcorn. Bulk low carbon hydrogen production facilities will be constructed at Stanlow Refinery, providing hydrogen for various uses. A dedicated network will transport hydrogen from production to demand points and hydrogen storage assets. The HyNet CCUS network will provide the infrastructure to transport and store the CO2 produced as a by-product of the hydrogen production process and CO2 from a number of the UK's largest industrial emitters, including Stanlow Refinery, Ince Fertiliser plant and Padeswood Cement plant located in this cluster. HyNet is innovative and unique in that it: * Delivers a full-chain hydrogen project, including production, distribution and storage, to decarbonise industry and to provide an infrastructure for cross-sectoral decarbonisation; * Repurposes existing oil and gas assets in Liverpool Bay for CO2 transport and storage to minimise project cost and risk. Following extensive development to date, the activities described in this grant fund proposal will allow HyNet to enter a development programme of engineering and consenting activities which will deliver a Final Investment Decision (FID) ready project, subject to appropriate business models and commercial agreements.

The South Wales Industrial Cluster (SWIC) is a diverse mix of critical industry that have come together to collaboratively achieve common objectives for decarbonisation and clean growth delivering job security. The regions diverse industrial base presents both common and unique challenges. Sectors represented include steel/oil-refining/power/ paper/Nickel/insulation/chemicals/LNG import/Royal-Mint/general-manufacturing. SWIC aims to progress a cluster plan driven by a vision of "developing a world leading truly sustainable industry befitting the societal needs of 2030, 2040, 2050 and beyond" incorporating a circular economy revolution leading to a smarter, greener, and healthier society. SWIC's goal is NZC by 2040\. Current carbon emissions are 16MtCO2/y (5% of UK emissions), comprising 10MTCO2/y direct from industry and 6MTCO2/y from power generation. Achieving NZC will provide a significant contribution to the UK's goal of becoming net zero by 2050\. NZC must be realised in the broader context of 'People, Planet and Profit', achieving truly sustainable clean growth, within a globally competitive market, maintaining a growing, clean vibrant and diverse industrial sector region with potentially 40,000+ new jobs arising. The Phase-2 work will continue to define NZC options for all types of members including two of the largest industrial UK CO2 emitters plus many other large emitting sites from diverse sectors spread across the whole region. Phase2 will identify the best low carbon energy options that will work for multiple industry users and define distinctive 'mini-clusters' in the region. This will inform and assist planning for significant local and regional infrastructure. The 4 coastal 'mini-clusters' will connect the largest CO2 emitters, creating opportunities for carbon capture and use in addition connections to UK carbon storage facilities. Low carbon energy infrastructure including renewables and hydrogen will also be developed. (Q3-appendix). SWIC Plans centre around a 5 stepped approach to NZC, 5 spatial zone types will allow SWIC to take immediate steps toward NZC with a low chance of incurring "Regret Capital". As well as targeting a NZC cluster by 2040, this plan focuses on societal needs, circular economy and clean growth aspirations of the region, tackling the common and unique commercial & operational challenges facing SW industry. SWIC will work with other UK cluster regions to optimise decarbonisation outcomes. Specialist energy consultancy CR Plus are leading the project supported by a wide breadth 20+ key partners. Phase2 represents an opportunity to coalesce efforts, cement a direction and to further scope and define the action required to achieve the SWIC vision.

The Net Zero NW Cluster Plan will set out the transition to net-zero for industry in the North West of England and North East Wales. It will describe the investments, technologies, infrastructure changes and sequencing required to fulfil the UK's Industrial Clusters Mission. The project focuses on two key objectives: * Establishing a low-carbon industrial cluster by 2030, by deploying anchor investment projects including HyNet hydrogen and CCUS infrastructure * Establishing a net-zero carbon industrial cluster by 2040, underpinned by multi-vectored industrial decarbonisation solutions Industry and public sector bodies, building on the preliminary research completed in Phase 1, will collaboratively promote and engage on plans to decarbonise, ensuring businesses have a strong voice in planning decarbonisation activity in line with current and future business needs whilst leveraging inward investment opportunities. Energy consumers, networks, generators and academia will research and quantify data and evidence necessary to reach consensus on the most viable options to decarbonise in line with national and local political declarations. The project will engage and support other complementary initiatives in the region, including but not limited to HyNet (an anchor project), the NW Hydrogen Alliance, E-Port, Mersey Tidal Energy, North West Nuclear Arc and others. The largest industries in the cluster account for over 6 million tonnes of carbon emissions per annum, from diverse facilities that include oil refining, downstream processing, cement, fertiliser production, glass manufacturing, base chemicals, food manufacturing, automotive, and personal care products. Further industrial emissions are associated with other industry across the broader NW region, extending up to Lancashire and Cumbria. Industrial process energy and heat consumed across all businesses in the area is over 27 TWhr per annum-the region of North Cheshire alone uses 5% of UK power. Several manufacturing and light industrial businesses reliant on energy intensive processes are located in business parks with the potential to employ shared infrastructure, including heat networks, smart grids and decentralised generation. The project takes an industry and innovation-led approach guiding the decarbonisation of the first UK industrial cluster on a low-cost, low-regrets basis whilst exploring opportunities for shared infrastructure with the South Wales industrial cluster and others. By enabling multiple industrial facilities to reduce their emissions by the greatest possible extent, with knock-on effects in the reduction of commercial, domestic and transport emissions, the Net Zero NW Cluster Plan will realise over 33,000 new jobs, over £4bn investment and the world's first net-zero industrial cluster.

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Awaiting Public Project Summary

The UK is now locked into a Net Zero CO2 2050 target by the Climate Change Act. To achieve this, urgent delivery of Cluster-based industrial decarbonisation is essential. Local NW industry has responded to the UK Net Zero-carbon target and articulated that joint working on solutions is needed. The area has seen recent investment in facilities to unlock industrial decarbonisation with plans for scaled hydrogen production to make a major step change in the supply of energy. The roadmap will start to develop a plan to decarbonise to Net Zero all green-house gas emissions associated with the industrial production across the geography -- seeking a rapid reduction in emissions within the 2020's in keeping with both national and local political declarations, and defining no-regret pathways to 2050 that consider future scenarios. The primary focus is on the industrial emissions of Cheshire, parts of North East Wales, Warrington, Liverpool City Region and Greater Manchester. Broader industrial CO2 emissions and clean energy prospects in Lancashire and Cumbria will be considered in aggregate. Many businesses are remote from major emitters and a plan must consider these also. A roadmap that encompasses this large geography is viewed as essential in order to understand the strategic infrastructure investment required to balance sufficient production and supply of energy from clean sources. The project was initiated by the North West Energy and Hydrogen Cluster, uniting industry around a common vision for rapid decarbonisation. The North West Business Leadership Team (NWBLT) will help coalesce the various interests and meets regularly to further the establishment of a Net Zero carbon industrial Cluster by 2040.

The South Wales Industrial Cluster (SWIC) is a cluster of diverse industrial companies and sites across South Wales who have come together to collaboratively tackle common challenges of decarbonisation and clean growth. SWIC comprises of a diverse set of industries with both common and unique challenges. Sectors represented include steel, oil refining, paper, nickel refining, insulation materials, chemicals, LNG importing, Royal Mint and general manufacturing. The SWIC project will develop a roadmap for Phase 1 to deliver its vision of "developing a world leading truly sustainable industry befitting the societal needs of 2030, 2040, 2050 and beyond". This will incorporate a circular economy thus lead to a smarter, greener and healthier society. Current SWIC carbon emission levels are at 9MTCO2/y direct from industry, plus another 10MTCO2/y from power generation. SWICs target is to work with the power sector and achieve stepped reductions over the next two decades ultimately achieving Net Zero Carbon (NZC) by 2040. The Phase-1 work will establish NZC options for SWIC members; including two of the largest industrial UK CO2 emitters, several large sites and several medium sized sites. This will allow the several mini-local clusters to form, before growing and combining with each other, ultimately merging to connect to the large coastal CO2 emitters, at which point large scale CCU/CCS options exist creating value from residual regional carbon. This embryonic strategy centres around a stepped approach to NZC that progresses each step along a project journey to inform/refine the overall vision, whilst driving forward those steps where People-Planet-Profit combine to provide the trigger point to implement part or the whole of the next step. NZC progression supports not just the NZC target but will meet the societal needs and targets of the region and support the common and unique commercial and operational challenges and targets facing South Wales industry. The roadmap will also deliver a route for South Wales as a region to ultimately work and evolve in synergy with decarbonisation action in other regions in the UK. NZC as a target must be realised in the much broader context of 'People, Planet and Profit', achieving truly sustainable clean growth, within a globally competitive market, maintaining a growing, clean vibrant and diverse Industrial sector in the region. SWIC was formed using a holistic and integrated strategy. CR Plus are leading the project on behalf of SWIC, with Phase-1 representing an opportunity to coalesce efforts, cement a direction and to further scope the action plan required to achieve the SWIC vision.

The UK has passed legislation to deliver Net Zero emissions by 2050. Significant progress has been, and continues to be made, in the decarbonisation of the power sector. However, very little progress has been made in the decarbonisation of the 'hard to reach' sectors of the economy such as industry, heat and heavy transport. HyNet was conceived in 2016 as a hydrogen / CCUS project to provide a decarbonisation pathway in the North West. The initial focus is on industrial decarbonisation, at the same time as building the infrastructure for the transition to a full regional hydrogen economy. The North West of the UK houses one of the largest and most mature industrial clusters in the UK. This industrial cluster is in a geographic area which includes parts of North East Wales, Cheshire, Warrington, Liverpool City Region and Greater Manchester, and generates approximately 6 million tonnes of CO2 emissions per year. This area is home to approximately 4 million people. Decarbonisation of this entire industrial cluster to net-zero levels, in line with the Industrial Clusters Mission, offers the chance to position it as a world leading clean manufacturing hub which will attract new customers and investment. The HyNet project is centred on the industrial complex on the south bank of the Mersey between Ellesmere Port and Runcorn. Bulk low carbon hydrogen production facilities will be constructed onsite at Stanlow Refinery (the HyNet Hydrogen Supply Project), providing hydrogen for industrial fuel switching, blending into the local gas distribution network, transport applications and flexible power generation. The HyNet CCUS network will provide the infrastructure to transport and store the carbon dioxide produced as a by-product of the hydrogen production process. A number of the UK's largest point source industrial emitters are located in this cluster, including Stanlow Refinery itself and will form 'anchor' customers for the CCUS transport and storage network. The CCUS network will principally use existing oil and gas assets to transport the CO2 to the Liverpool Bay fields and sequester it in depleted gas reservoirs. HyNet is one of the lowest cost, lowest risk, most deliverable CCUS projects in the UK. HyNet has been in development for over 3 years, and is now ready to enter a FEED programme of engineering and permitting activities to reach a Final Investment Decision. This project will undertake the FEED phase planning and costing activity.

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Carbon dioxide pollution is widely acknowledged to be the single greatest challenge facing humanity. Two major contributors to this are power generation and industrial processes, including steel production. There is a clear need to find new ways of reducing the pollution; current methods of 'carbon capture' are costly, which represents a barrier to widespread adoption. One technology which offers the potential to reduce carbon emissions from power generation is NET Power's Allam Cycle, which takes in coal as a fuel and efficiently produces electricity with carbon capture & storage (CCS). This approach improves the efficiency by more than 50% compared with current methods. This project seeks to develop the coal-fired application of the technology to both cost-effectively demonstrate its operation and achieve industrial CCS. The test plant will trial a way for steel producers such as SSI to reduce the harmful and costly emissions from their plants, helping the environment and allowing their plants to stay open, safeguarding thousands of jobs.

The capture and storage of carbon dioxide from energy intensive industries is vital to their long term viability in the UK. CCS from large single point emitters will be effected by means of CCS "clusters" in which several producers send their carbon dioxide via a pipeline network or cluster into a common pipeline and storage infrastructure. Differing industries will contribute minor levels of particular impurities (e.g. water, hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen) with their carbon dioxide exports & it is known that small levels of such inpurities will cause significant changes to the fluid and thermodynamic behaviour of carbon dioxide, with profound implications for the design and operation of the system. Industry practice for analysing carbon dioxide quality is not fast enough nor sufficiently discriminating with respect to the types of contaminants that will occur if adequate cluster system protection is to be asssured. This project identifies appropriate techniques to overcome these problems.

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