Accurate inertial measurement units are critical for autonomous navigation where access to Global Navigation Satellite System networks is denied/unavailable/unreliable. This is particularly relevant to timing, navigation in defence, and civilian applications such as seabed explorations, autonomous infrastructure monitoring, and manufacturing control. The Multi-MAPS project will develop a navigation-grade atomic-photonic module based on an atomic spin gyroscope. This 24-month project builds on the outputs of several quantum projects to create a pathway to developing a commercial atomic spin gyroscope based on co-magnetometry within the UK.

Accurate inertial measurement units (IMUs) are critical for autonomous navigation in where access to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is denied/unavailable/unreliable. This is particularly relevant to defence/security applications (e.g. cruise missiles) or civilian applications such as remote search and rescue situations. The QGyro project will develop a navigation-grade based on an atomic spin gyroscope and evaluate the miniaturisation potential of the technology. The 18-month project builds on outputs of several quantum projects to create a pathway to developing the commercial atomic spin gyroscope based on co-magnetometry.

Inex is the UK's leading independent, full service, Compound Semiconductor development and manufacturing company specialising in gallium nitride (GaN) devices for radar, communications and power switching applications. The company also has significant expertise in the development and manufacture of indium antimonide devices for photonics including LED's and photo-diodes used in CO2 gas sensors. Inex has ambitious plans to scale up the business including relocating to a new facility, making a multi million pound investment in new equipment and adding personnel to transform the business from a relatively small specialist development and manufacturing company to a leading player in the sector focused on the automotive, aerospace and industrial markets. This project will allow Inex to fully investigate and develop plans for the business that maximise the opportunity available in the automotive sector for a UK based supplier of Compound Semiconductor devices particularly focused on gallium nitride.

The project will develop novel UK designed and manufactured compact Rb-oscillators to serve as holdover clocks in GNSS-independent applications requiring precision timing. The state-of-the-art compact atomic clocks arising from this project shall take advantage of recent advances in Quantum Technologies to find widespread application in new and revamped UK critical national infrastructure applications requiring precision timing. At present, many of these applications rely on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for a stable clock signal, but these signals are easily disrupted and prolonged GNSS unavailability can lead to vast disruption to critical UK services and economy (the estimated cost of a five-day outage is £5.2Bn). New options for a UK satellite navigation and timing capability programme are presently being explored to support the nation's critical infrastructure, and these are anticipated to require a vast number of holdover clocks for added resilience. For many existing and emerging applications, including 5G, the current atomic clocks on the market, which are all non-UK based and under export control, are either too bulky and expensive, or the holdover performance is not good enough, leading to solutions involving GNSS signals. Many of these clocks are also based on technologies that are decades old. The clocks produced in this project will bring a new generation of atomic clocks using new enhanced atom-interrogation methods developed at HCD Research and the National Physical Laboratory to provide extended holdover capabilities. These clocks will also address timing challenges in many civil and military applications, providing more assurance in supply to the UK, better security through better use of technology, and safeguarding and exploiting UK-developed intellectual property to provide economic gains for the UK.

Success in commercialising thermal vapour-based atomic sensors and devices is hampered by the availability of reliable, low-cost, quality vapour cells. Progress has been made in the manufacturing of wafer cells to allow for proof-of-concept demonstrations, but some of the more-challenging performance and functional requirements necessitate added functionality, particularly control of the cell environment. The Q-Cell project will develop a novel type of wafer cell with increased functionality (temperature and magnetic field control, reduction of heat dissipation, ambient magnetic field shielding). The cell will have a generic form appropriate for integration into a wide spectrum of robust quantum instruments. The project will accelerate the commercialisation of these atomic devices including: miniature atomic clocks; field sensors as magnetometers and inertial sensors. This development builds upon INEX expertise in manufacturing silicon wafer devices, NPL's know-how in atomic magnetometry, inertial sensors and clock development and the University of Birmingham's modelling, design, characterisation, and qualification expertise. The innovative Q-Cell design will exploit INEX' new concepts in integration of environmental controls into the wafer cell, and the University of Birmingham's solutions for magnetic field control and screening. NPL will validate the Q-Cell performance against the requirements defined by potential end-users and system integrators.

**M-PowerD --** **M**anufacturing PSJ GaN **Power D**evices in the UK This is a project to build capability in the UK's only commercial GaN fab, INEX Microtechnology Ltd, to manufacture the world's first, low cost, high voltage GaN power transistors. Our project aims to develop a polarisation super-junction high electron mobility transistor (PSJ HEMT) and process wholly in the UK. We will use this project to build a low cost bi-directional 3kV GaN PSJ HEMT. Gallium Nitride (GaN) is a semiconductor like silicon, but it can be used to make higher performance power transistors than silicon. Silicon carbide is another high-performance semiconductor, but GaN has greater potential for cost reduction. PSJ technology is a patented break-through concept for GaN developed in the University of Sheffield with Powdec of Japan. This concept enables ultra-high-performance power devices that have been proven to achieve more than 3x higher voltage than existing GaN technologies. We will use the PSJ technology to make bi-directional transistors. Bi-directional transistors can switch AC more efficiently and at lower cost than the conventional approach using two transistors back-to-back. Bi-directional transistors are not available commercially at present, so our project will be a key enabler for new power electronics, machines and drives (PEMD) applications. Our initial target application will be for a smart power grid to replace the UK's ageing infrastructure. There are three partners in the consortium: The **University of Sheffield (UoS)** who will design the device, and wafer and will work with INEX to develop the process and publish the results. **INEX** **Microtechnology Limited** who will develop their power GaN processing capabilities to manufacture test structures and complete wafers of these PSJ GaN HEMTs. This capability will place INEX as world class manufacturing facility for power GaN. The **Compound Semiconductor Applications Catapult (CSAC)** who will define target applications for these devices, test the completed parts and publish the results.

QT Assemble brings together a consortium of UK companies to develop highly-innovative assembly and integration processes for new markets in quantum technologies. Waveguide writing, nanoscale alignment and monolithic integration will be used to deliver new levels of performance in robust and reliable platforms. High-performance components and systems will be demonstrated including highly-integrated lases, photon sources, photon detectors and ultra-cold matter systems. New commercial opportunities have been identified that require reliable and robust operation in quantum sensing and quantum information processing markets.

Quantum magnetometers optically monitor the interaction between alkali-metal-atoms and an external magnetic field and detect the change in electron spin due to the magnetic field being applied. This allows the detection of micro-defects in materials and objects that are not visible or hidden from view. The MagV project will deliver the World's first commercial miniaturised rf atomic magnetometer that can operate in unshielded environments allowing general use and wide deployment. Primary applications have been identified in consultation with an extensive Industry Advisory Board, who have defined industry challenges driving the need for miniaturised-RF-quantum-magnetometers as novel sensors within non-destructive testing. The project brings together substantial research on quantum magnetometers with route to commercialisation through established VCSEL supply chain partners and an end-user to maintain UK leadership in quantum technologies.

This is a disruptive project to research and develop a manufacturing process for graphene electronic devices. Graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon, was discovered in 2004 at the University of Manchester, and its discoverers were subsequently awarded the Nobel Prize in 2010. This novel material has amazing properties: optically transparent, more electrically conductive than copper and stronger than stainless steel, to name but a few. This has resulted in enormous speculation that it could replace existing materials such as silicon in electronic devices. To date, various Tier 1 companies such as Intel, IBM, Samsung, etc. have invested over $5bn in bringing electronic devices made from graphene to market. The main reason for this is silicon electronics are reaching their theoretical limits: Moore's Law is ending. Therefore, the nearly $500bn electronics market needs a new material technology. However, attempts to bring graphene electronic devices to market have largely failed up to now. This is because it is very difficult to obtain graphene in large enough areas, and which can be processed into full devices by existing industry infrastructure. Paragraf, a recent spin-out company from Prof. Sir Colin Humphreys' group at the University of Cambridge, has developed a new way to synthesise large-area graphene (up to 8-inch diameter so far) using a modified deposition method. We call this "next-generation graphene". In the normal deposition process the graphene is grown on copper. The copper support then has to be removed and the graphene transferred to the desired substrate. However, it is not possible to remove all copper, and this is an insurmountable problem for the semiconductor industry. Because of these problems graphene has not been used in electronic devices. Our next-generation graphene can be grown directly on substrates such as silicon and it is free from metallic contamination. Developing devices and products made from our graphene, and processed and packaged in identical ways to existing electronic devices, will be transformational. We will make Graphene compatible and useful for manufacturing electronic devices for the first time in the world.

"This project will assess and characterise new and existing techniques for measuring the current flow through EV batteries including based upon emerging quantum sensor technology. A new generation of battery management systems can be developed as a result of these measurement to enhance the life and performance of the battery pack in consumer vehicles. This will help improve the public perception and trust in this essential new technology. By maintaining an accurate and timely estimate of the state of charge, state of health and thermal properties of the battery, it will be possible to effectively eliminate the possibility of batteries overheating and causing fires, which remains an important consumer concern. The purpose of this project is to assess the feasibility of these new techniques, based upon quantum sensors, to be deployed within a battery management system (BMS). New data processing systems will be developed to assess battery performance and to provide real-time data for and to allow the BMS to maintain the optimal condition of the battery pack in an EV. The project will deliver a battery module demonstrator incorporating the new sensor suite, data processing software and BMS. We envisage that this sensor technology will be disruptive in managing EV batteries and could become a standard requirement of new car certification in order to improve consumer safety, confidence and uptake of EVs."

This project will develop a magnetometer field demonstrator which exhibits a combination of higher sensitivity and reduced size weight and power compared to existing commercial products.

This project addresses a rapid growth global market requirement, in many cases legislatively driven, for mass produced ultra-low power consumption gas sensors. The project will achieve a step change reduction in gas sensor power consumption through significant enhancement of current epitaxially grown compound semiconductor light source (light emitting diode [LED]) and photodiode detector (PD) performance. Enhanced performance would be achieved through development of novel mid infrared (MIR) edge emitting LED`s (EELED) and photodiode detector (PD`s) devices, utilising antimonide epi-grown bandgap structures. The project provides MIR EELED`S and PD`s tuned to specific gas absorption bands for use as the mid infrared light source and detector respectively in optical based gas sensors. Such ultra-low power consumption devices enable low cost “fit & forget” deployment of gas sensors specifically in smart wireless autonomous sensor networks. The consortium provides a manufacturing supply chain to implement new processes, light sources & detectors through to complete gas sensors. The project advances the Technology Readiness Level of EELED and PD capability to a late stage pre-commercial level, i.e. >TRL6.