This project focused on advancing the capabilities of thermodynamic modelling for hydrogen-rich systems, particularly in applications where impurities play a significant role. The work will be organised into several distinct phases, each targeting a critical aspect of hydrogen's thermophysical properties and its implications for industrial use. The project will be leveraging the combined expertise of Zodan Solutions and TUV SUD NEL as A4I Partner to improve the accuracy of our Smart ResSim technology for hydrogen transportation & storage applications. In this pioneering project, our primary mission is to enhance our cutting-edge technology's ability to accurately analyse and predict the behaviour of hydrogen transportation and geological storage. Initially focusing on the UK market, with a vision to expand globally, our ambitious goal is to accelerate the development of Smart ResSim, our state-of-the-art technology at Zodan Solutions. Through our previous IUK A4I Projects, this technology evolved into a sophisticated system that enables customers to perform precise monitoring and optimisation of CO2 storage processes. This initiative creates exciting opportunities for Zodan Solutions to position itself as a leader in the emerging hydrogen economy. Our project aims to further refine our novel machine learning and mathematical models using newly generated experimental datasets of hydrogen containing fluids that represent real field conditions. This effort focuses on addressing key challenges with cost-effective solutions before commercial deployment, in the areas of hydrogen transportation and subsurface geological storage, with an emphasis on the UK continental shelf (UKCS). The project's technological advancements are designed to fill the current gap in the hydrogen market, where no readily available off-the-shelf solutions exist for these complex challenges: 1. Enhancement of the Smart ResSim Platform: We aim to optimise the Smart ResSim platform from Zodan Solutions using hydrogen thermophysical properties datasets collected under real field conditions. 2. Advancement of Thermodynamic Models: We will further develop our smart models and thermodynamic equations of state (EoSs), significantly benefiting the hydrogen sector by reducing measurement uncertainties. 3. Precise Monitoring of Hydrogen fluid flow in porous media: The project will focus on advanced monitoring techniques to analyse the propagation and geochemical interactions of hydrogen-rich fluids as they move through geological porous media. 4. Validation of Reactive Fluid Transport Models: We will validate our unique machine-learned models for hydrogen rich fluid transport ensuring that these models are robust, reliable, and ready for real-world application in hydrogen storage and transport scenarios.

The deployment of the inaugural field-scale integrated geological storage of CO2 and H2 presents an innovative strategy with substantial potential to facilitate the transition to a renewable hydrogen economy and meet the ambitious UK net-zero target by 2050\. Zodan Solutions' advanced well testing solution, the Pressure transient analysis (PTA) technology, is strategically positioned to advance and refine this approach by enabling rapid and precise monitoring and analysis throughout the geological storage process, with a particular emphasis on injection scenarios. While a limited number of CCUS projects in the UK have repurposed existing infrastructure for CO2 storage, there exists an opportunity to leverage the extensive North Sea region infrastructure for broader CCUS deployment in support of the hydrogen economy. This transition involves capitalising on the accrued expertise from the oil and gas industry to facilitate a shift toward cleaner energy sources. This approach minimises capital expenditure (CAPEX) and maximises the utilisation of onshore and offshore assets through effective maintenance strategies. The initial target of this three-months project encompass two key objectives: 1\. To build and improve fundamental understanding of thermophysical properties of CO2 and Hydrogen rich fluid at the reservoir conditions. 2\. To conduct detailed evaluation and optimisation of our novel PTA technology to overcome critical scientific and field scale barriers of well testing analysis for CO2 and hydrogen geological storage. This interdisciplinary and groundbreaking initiative is poised to enhance our cutting-edge technology for the seamless integration and repurposing of existing infrastructure on the UK continental shelf (UKCS) specifically for CCUS and hydrogen applications. Our focus includes the development of a groundbreaking well testing analysis technology, denoted as PTA, designed to optimise the injectivities of CO2 and H2 into geological storage sites, with a particular emphasis on subsea environments. The project introduces novel reactive fluid transport models tailored for both CO2 and H2 systems at a field scale, marking a pioneering approach. Accomplishing these objectives is anticipated to make a substantial contribution to the UK's net-zero targets, aligning with the broader objective of realizing a more environmentally sustainable future by 2050\.

It is now widely acknowledged that effectively mitigating the impacts of climate change requires a multi-faceted approach, incorporating several large-scale solutions, including innovative low-carbon energy production and storage methods. One promising low-carbon energy vector is hydrogen, offering versatile applications such as clean heating for buildings, electricity generation, and transport decarbonisation. The production of hydrogen can be achieved through two main processes: water electrolysis using renewable energy or hydrocarbon reformation coupled with carbon capture and storage (CCS). These methods ensure the generation of hydrogen with significantly reduced carbon emissions, making it an environmentally responsible alternative. Moreover, hydrogen's potential extends to energy storage solutions. By storing hydrogen in geological formations, it becomes a valuable means to balance energy supply and demand, fostering sustainable energy storage capabilities. This aspect further enhances its role in supporting a greener and more sustainable energy landscape. The primary goals of this three-month project encompass two key objectives: 1. To gain UK's first HPHT experimental datasets on thermophysical properties of CO2 and Hydrogen rich streams at the storage conditions. 2. To do further assessment and optimisation of our groundbreaking technology -- Smart ResSim -- to overcome significant technical and field scale barriers of CO2 and hydrogen storage in geological formations. This multidisciplinary innovative project will focus on enhancing our pioneering technology to seamlessly integrate and reuse existing infrastructure in the UK continental shelf (UKCS) for CCS and hydrogen applications. We will develop first of its kind machine learned technology for optimisation of integrated CO2 and H2 storage in subsurface reservoirs particularly in subsea environments with unique and innovative smart reactive fluid transport models for both CO2- and H2- containing systems at field scale. By achieving these objectives, the project will contribute significantly to the UK's net zero targets, facilitating the delivery of a greener and more sustainable future by 2050\.

It has now been widely believed that any effectual measure for eluding the influences of climate change will need multiple large-scale solutions including new low-carbon energy production and storage. Hydrogen is a low carbon energy vector which can be employed for clean heating of buildings and generation of electricity, and transport decarbonisation. Hydrogen can be produced through a water electrolysis process using renewable energy or hydrocarbon reformation with carbon capture and storage (CCS). It can also be stored in geological formations to equilibrate energy supply and demand and enable sustainable energy storage. The main objectives of this six months project are to: - Deeply understand the technical challenges associated with the sustainable repurposing of oil & gas infrastructure, including but not limited to subsurface reservoirs, for carbon capture and storage (CCS) and hydrogen applications. - Develop the innovative solutions to tackle those barriers through repurposing of our innovative technology -- Zodan Solutions' Advanced Reservoir Simulator (ResSim). In this multidisciplinary project, we will improve our first of its kind technology to facilitate the integration and reuse of existing infrastructure in the UK continental shelf (UKCS) for CCS and hydrogen applications, to enable the delivery of net zero targets by 2050\. The specific project objectives are to: 1- Develop first of its kind machine learned technology for optimisation of integrated CO2 and H2 storage in subsurface reservoirs particularly in subsea environments. 2- Develop an innovative tool and an advanced platform for determination of fluid impurities and respective influences on thermodynamic properties of CO2-/H2-rich streams. This will be greatly beneficial for tackling flow measurement, flow assurance, and geological reservoir integrity problems in the energy transition and industrial decarbonisation sectors. 3- Monitor in-vivo propagation of fronts (pressure, temperature, composition variations at interfaces, pH) as well as geochemically induced porosity and permeability alterations in presence of intricate H2 and CO2 containing fluids. 4- Unique and innovative Smart reactive fluid transport models for both CO2- and H2- containing systems at field scale.