Irrigated agriculture and horticulture produce a significant proportion of the nation's fresh fruit and vegetable crops, potatoes and sugar beet, underpinning a food processing industry that is the UK's largest manufacturing sector. Despite its economic importance, the sector faces profound environmental, water, energy and climate-related risks which collectively threaten the future viability and sustainability of many farm businesses dependent on water. Whilst farmers remain keen to invest in reservoirs to reduce their dependence on summer abstraction and increase supply reliability, to build resilience to climate (drought) risks, and to unlock business productivity, their current financial models fail to justify the significant capital expenditure required for reservoir investment. Mindsets need to shift from 'single use' (irrigation in dry years) to 'multi-use' reservoirs incorporating opportunities for green energy generation. An innovative solution is through installation of floating solar panels, so-called floatovoltaics. Supporting such a change offers scope for a paradigm shift in financial viability that will unlock opportunities for farm business growth and diversification, whilst also delivering significant environmental benefits through reduced dependence on summer abstraction and reduced GHG emissions (pumping switching from fossil fuel to solar). It will also drive greater uptake of renewable energy technologies, help avoid 'pollution swapping' and minimise conflicts between land allocated for food cropping or for solar farms.
The aim of this feasibility study is to develop an optimisation tool to support business investment in multi-use reservoirs for both solar power generation and irrigation. The tool will inform farmer decision-making across three domains with relevance to (i) _water resources and crop productivity_, including how to utilise stored water most effectively to support production whilst also delivering aquatic environmental improvements,(ii) _solar energy generation, storage and use_, including how to optimise the design and installation of floating solar platforms on reservoirs and their benefits in terms of renewable energy generation, reducing evaporation losses, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and building resilience to energy market volatility and reducing farm emissions to meet net zero targets, and (iii) _reducing the sector's vulnerability to environmental regulations and abiotic risks_, including the impacts of increased frequency of droughts on water availability for production and impacts of abstraction changes on summer water availability. The project will have a national focus supporting the Sustainable Farming Incentive, the government's 'Plan for Water' and 'Water Management Grant' scheme which supports investments in water efficiency and reservoirs, and policy reforms to address environmental damage caused by over-abstraction.